Evidence for end-point trajectory planning during a kicking action

MSL research field: 
Motor control
TitleEvidence for end-point trajectory planning during a kicking action
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2009
AuthorsFord, P, Hodges, NJ, Huys, R, Williams, AM
JournalMotor Control
Volume13
Issue1
Pagination1-24
Date Published01/2009
Abstract

There is evidence that actions are planned by anticipation of their external effects, with the strength of this effect being dependent on the amount of prior practice. In Experiment 1, skilled soccer players performed a kicking task under four conditions: planning in terms of an external action effect (i.e., ball trajectory) or in terms of body movements, either with or without visual error feedback. When feedback was withheld, a ball focus resulted in more accurate outcomes than a body focus. When visual feedback was allowed, there was no difference between these two conditions. In Experiment 2, both skilled and novice soccer players were tested with the addition of a control condition and in the absence of visual feedback. For both groups there was evidence that a ball focus was more beneficial for performance than a body focus, particularly in terms of movement kinematics where correlations across the joints were generally higher for body rather than ball planning. Most skilled participants reported that ball planning felt more normal than body planning. These experiments provide some evidence that actions are planned in terms of their external action effects, supporting the common-coding hypothesis of action planning.

Refereed DesignationRefereed
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